Diseño de un sistema agrícola orgánico para leguminosas en el departamento del Atlántico
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Fecha
2019
Autores
Robles Fontalvo, Claudia Patricia
Galindo Zambrano, Henry
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ingenierías
Facultad de Ingenierías
Resumen
Los productores agrícolas del departamento del Atlántico presentan una baja productividad en cuanto las cosechas de leguminosa, la presente investigación propone medir el rendimiento de los cultivos mediante una prueba piloto en la zona oriental del departamento del Atlántico (Gobernacion 2016), en una parcela demostrativa del Municipio de Sabanagrande, la cual ha estado en período de descanso desde hace cuatro años, sin tratamientos químicos, solo control de maleza manual dejando los restos sobre el suelo como cobertura (agricultura de conservación). Se investigó el rendimiento productivo del cultivo de frijol aplicando sistemas agrícolas orgánicos mediante el uso de técnicas como agricultura de conservación y uso fertilizantes orgánico (Humus de lombriz roja californiana), siembra directa manual, riego por gravedad, labranza cero, para lograr obtener un producto de exportación y de excelente calidad y la aplicación de las BPA (Buenas prácticas agrícolas) y demás parámetros técnicos en cuanto al cultivo de leguminosa.
Se aplicaron 5 tratamientos de humus en concentraciones de 0gr (Testigo), 15gr, 30gr, 45gr y 60gr por sitio en un diseño experimental basado en bloques aleatorizados, teniendo en cuenta el rendimiento productivo y económico para todos los tratamientos y dos unidades productivas (que llamaremos bloques) por cada uno. Se realizó el estudio de suelo, se delimitó el área del cultivo a 218,5 metros cuadrados, una distancia de siembra quince centímetros entre cada sitio y con una población de 2 semillas por sitio; se midió la altura de la planta, grosor del tallo, número de vainas, número de granos por vainas, peso de los granos por planta y peso por cada cien granos por bloque por cada uno de los tratamientos.
Los pequeños agricultores de estas zonas enfrentan dificultades por la falta de sistemas de riego, desconocimiento de normas técnicas, enfermedades presentes en la zona, depredadores e insectos, deficiencia en los nutrientes del suelo, etc. En estas mismas condiciones se decide emprender la investigación con el objeto de establecer un sistema de agricultura orgánica aplicado a un cultivo piloto de
leguminosa (Frijol) que se ajusta a las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona oriental del departamento del Atlántico.
The agricultural producers of Atlántico department have a low productivity in terms of legume harvests. This research proposes to measure crop yields through a pilot test in the eastern part of Atlántico department (Governorate 2016). In a demonstration plot of Municipality of Sabanagrande, which has been on a rest period for the last four years without chemical treatment, only manual weed control leaving the remains on the ground as cover (conservation agriculture). The productive yield of the bean crop was investigated by applying organic agricultural systems through the use of techniques such as conservation agriculture and the use of organic fertilizers (Californian red earthworm humus), manual direct sowing, gravity irrigation, zero tillage, to obtain an export product and of excellent quality and the application of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) and other technical parameters for legume cultivation. 5 humus treatments were applied in concentrations of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% in an experimental design based on randomized blocks. Taking into account the productive and economic performance for all treatments and two productive units (that we will call blocks) for each one. The soil study was carried out, the crop area was delimited to 218.5 square meters, a distance of sowing fifteen centimetres between each site and with a population of 2 seeds per site. The height of the plant was measured, stem thickness, number of pods, number of grains per pod, weight of grains per plant and weight per hundred grains per block for each of the treatments. Small farmers in these areas face difficulties due to the lack of irrigation systems, ignorance of technical standards, diseases present in the area, predators and insects, deficiency in soil nutrients, etc. Under these same conditions it is decided to undertake research with the aim of establishing a system of organic agriculture applied to a pilot crop of leguminous (Bean) which complies with the soil and climatic conditions in the eastern part of Atlántico department.
The agricultural producers of Atlántico department have a low productivity in terms of legume harvests. This research proposes to measure crop yields through a pilot test in the eastern part of Atlántico department (Governorate 2016). In a demonstration plot of Municipality of Sabanagrande, which has been on a rest period for the last four years without chemical treatment, only manual weed control leaving the remains on the ground as cover (conservation agriculture). The productive yield of the bean crop was investigated by applying organic agricultural systems through the use of techniques such as conservation agriculture and the use of organic fertilizers (Californian red earthworm humus), manual direct sowing, gravity irrigation, zero tillage, to obtain an export product and of excellent quality and the application of GAP (Good Agricultural Practices) and other technical parameters for legume cultivation. 5 humus treatments were applied in concentrations of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% and 60% in an experimental design based on randomized blocks. Taking into account the productive and economic performance for all treatments and two productive units (that we will call blocks) for each one. The soil study was carried out, the crop area was delimited to 218.5 square meters, a distance of sowing fifteen centimetres between each site and with a population of 2 seeds per site. The height of the plant was measured, stem thickness, number of pods, number of grains per pod, weight of grains per plant and weight per hundred grains per block for each of the treatments. Small farmers in these areas face difficulties due to the lack of irrigation systems, ignorance of technical standards, diseases present in the area, predators and insects, deficiency in soil nutrients, etc. Under these same conditions it is decided to undertake research with the aim of establishing a system of organic agriculture applied to a pilot crop of leguminous (Bean) which complies with the soil and climatic conditions in the eastern part of Atlántico department.
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Palabras clave
Cultivo, Agricultura, Humus, Orgánico y conservación, Cultivation, Agriculture, Organic and conservation