Análisis socio jurídico y comparativo de la licencia de maternidad en el ámbito internacional
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Fecha
2018
Autores
Rodríguez Lara, Inés
Polo Macías, Angie Paola
Barros Batista, Eliana María
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
Uno de los hechos que caracteriza al mundo moderno es la masiva participación de la Mujer en el ámbito laboral lo que ha permitido cambios en las estructuras modernas en los sectores productivos, políticos e industriales, dichas transformaciones han permitido que la mujer pueda desarrollarse en el ámbito laboral y doméstico bajo una lucha indiscriminada de desigualdad por razón de sexo.
Ahora bien, en Colombia la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres es reconocida en el artículo 43 de la constitución Política de 1991, lo cual goza de especial protección por parte del Estado, siendo este garante del respeto a la igualdad y a la no discriminación, es verdad que se ha avanzado en materia de derechos y garantías para la mujer trabajadora como lo vemos con la ley 1822 de 2017 que dictó las últimas disposiciones sobre el tema, ampliando la licencia de maternidad en dos semanas más, lo que ha permitido generar más protección a la mujer trabajadora en estado de gestación, pero distamos mucho todavía de conseguir una igualdad real y efectiva entre ambos sexos, ya que aún hoy perviven roles y estereotipos que encasillan a la mujer en un determinado comportamiento y en unas determinadas actividades.
Es así como la licencia de maternidad constituye un derecho de las Mujeres en estado de embarazo, que genera un descanso remunerado para esta (Duran, 2006) , pero ahora bien, respecto de las normas internacionales la licencia de maternidad ha sido concebida como norma social, es decir, entre los 2 denominados derechos económicos y sociales, en efecto, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo desde su creación mostró un especial interés en proteger a la mujer trabajadora en estado de embarazo, tanto así que fue en la Primera Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, en 1919, donde se adoptó el Primer Convenio sobre la Protección de la Maternidad (Convenio No. 03), ratificado por Colombia el 20 de junio
de 1933,reconociendo la necesidad de proteger a las mujeres trabajadoras antes y después del parto, el convenio incluía: un periodo de doce semanas de licencia, el pago de prestaciones pecuniarias, la prohibición de despido e interrupciones para la lactancia, la licencia de maternidad no debería tener obstáculos para la mujer, pero aun así es rechazada por entidades prestadoras de salud y hasta obstaculizadas por los empleadores.
Como consecuencia de todo lo anterior podemos decir que en Colombia y en el mundo aún existen muchos casos en que la mujer sufre por discriminación, y entendemos por discriminación el sufrimiento, padecimiento, pena o dolor que sufre un ser vivo y que aún vive situaciones de desigualad laboral lo cual radica en el hecho que los trabajos inestables son ocupados en mayor parte por las mujeres y pocos en cargos de jerarquía- cargos administrativos o toma de decisiones en empresas en consecuencias la remuneración es baja.
En este orden de ideas se pretende realizar un análisis comparativo de todas esas situaciones jurídicas y de hecho que suceden en el ámbito internacional, de ese derecho que gozan todas las mujeres trabajadoras por razón de ser mujer, de velar por su salud y por la de su hijo durante la gestación y posterior a esta, es decir durante los primeros meses de vida del niño o niña, analizaremos las principales disposiciones jurídicas y las situaciones fácticas que influyen en el desarrollo social y económico de los pueblos cuando partimos de una base de discriminación en razón de género en materia laboral, que nos permita concluir con una descripción de las condiciones en que una mujer trabajadora en estado de gestación debe sortear para hacer valer sus derechos y la garantía que dichos Estados brindan a esa mujer partiendo de aquellos instrumentos internacionales ratificados y de estricto cumplimento en el ámbito internacional.
A continuación, realizaremos una comparación de Colombia con otros países subdesarrollados de América Latina y otros desarrollados de UE, para analizar cómo se ha evolucionado a favor de la mujer y las garantías de protección en el ámbito internacional, teniendo en cuenta que algunos países han establecidos sistemas especiales de protección durante la maternidad a mujeres que trabajan; En este contexto de 3 participación laboral femenina, la discusión del sentido en que los estados deben ser garantistas de los derechos de la mujer a nivel global, encuentra reacción variada entre los distintos actores políticos y
siempre es analizada desde una perspectiva de género, creemos firmemente que todas estas disposiciones que protegen la maternidad establecidas en la Constitución Política Colombiana, en la ley laboral y en múltiples instrumentos jurídicos, son normas de derecho público, lo que quiere decir que son derechos irrenunciables, imprescriptibles e inalienables extensivos a todas aquellas mujeres que laboren, por lo que todas aquellas diferencias por los roles de género impuestas por los Estados, por lo empleadores y por las Entidades Promotoras de Salud son claramente injustas.
One of the facts that characterizes the modern world is the massive participation of women in the workplace which has allowed changes in modern structures in the productive, political and industrial sectors, these transformations have allowed women to develop in the field and domestic labor under an indiscriminate struggle of inequality based on sex. However, in Colombia, equality between men and women is recognized in Article 43 of the Political Constitution of 1991, which enjoys special protection by the State, being this guarantor of respect for equality and non-discrimination, it is true that progress has been made in the area of rights and guarantees for working women, as we can see in Law 1822 of 2017, which enacted the latest provisions on the subject, extending maternity leave in two more weeks, which has allowed to generate more protection for women the working woman in pregnancy, but we are still a long way from achieving real and effective equality between both sexes, because even today there are still roles and stereotypes that pigeonhole women in a certain behavior and in certain activities. This is how maternity leave is a right of women in a state of pregnancy, which generates a paid rest for it (Duran, 2006), but now, with respect to international standards, maternity leave has been conceived as a social norm , that is, between the 2 so-called economic and social rights, in effect, the International Labor Organization since its inception showed a special interest in protecting working women in a state of pregnancy, so much so that it was at the First International Labor Conference , in 1919, where the First Convention on the Protection of Maternity (Convention No. 03) was adopted, ratified by Colombia on June 20 of 1933, recognizing the need to protect working women before and after childbirth, the agreement included: a period of twelve weeks of leave, the payment of cash benefits, the prohibition of dismissal and interruptions for breastfeeding, maternity leave It should not have obstacles for women, but it is still rejected by health providers and even hampered by employers. As a result of all the above we can say that in Colombia and in the world there are still many cases in which women suffer from discrimination, and we understand by discrimination the suffering, suffering, pain or pain that a living being suffers and that still lives situations of Unequal work which lies in the fact that unstable jobs are occupied mostly by women and few in positions of hierarchy - administrative positions or decision making in companies in consequence the remuneration is low. In this order of ideas, we intend to carry out a comparative analysis of all those legal and factual situations that occur in the international sphere, of that right enjoyed by all working women because of being a woman, of ensuring their health and that of women. your child during pregnancy and after it, that is, during the first months of the child's life, we will analyze the main legal provisions and the factual situations that influence the social and economic development of the peoples when we start from a base of discrimination on the basis of gender in labor matters, which allows us to conclude with a description of the conditions in which a working woman in pregnancy must draw to enforce their rights and the guarantee that those states provide to that woman based on those international instruments ratified and of strict compliance in the international arena. Next, we will make a comparison of Colombia with other underdeveloped countries of Latin America and other developed countries of the EU, to analyze how it has evolved in favor of women and guarantees of protection in the international sphere, taking into account that some countries have established special systems of protection during motherhood to women who work; In this context of 3 female labor participation, the discussion of the sense in which states should be guarantors of women's rights at a global level, finds a varied reaction among the different political actors and it is always analyzed from a gender perspective, we firmly believe that all these provisions that protect motherhood established in the Colombian Political Constitution, in labor law and in multiple legal instruments, are public law norms, which means that they are inalienable rights , imprescriptible and inalienable, extensive to all those women who work, so all those differences for the gender roles imposed by the States, by the employers and by the Health Promoting Entities are clearly unfair.
One of the facts that characterizes the modern world is the massive participation of women in the workplace which has allowed changes in modern structures in the productive, political and industrial sectors, these transformations have allowed women to develop in the field and domestic labor under an indiscriminate struggle of inequality based on sex. However, in Colombia, equality between men and women is recognized in Article 43 of the Political Constitution of 1991, which enjoys special protection by the State, being this guarantor of respect for equality and non-discrimination, it is true that progress has been made in the area of rights and guarantees for working women, as we can see in Law 1822 of 2017, which enacted the latest provisions on the subject, extending maternity leave in two more weeks, which has allowed to generate more protection for women the working woman in pregnancy, but we are still a long way from achieving real and effective equality between both sexes, because even today there are still roles and stereotypes that pigeonhole women in a certain behavior and in certain activities. This is how maternity leave is a right of women in a state of pregnancy, which generates a paid rest for it (Duran, 2006), but now, with respect to international standards, maternity leave has been conceived as a social norm , that is, between the 2 so-called economic and social rights, in effect, the International Labor Organization since its inception showed a special interest in protecting working women in a state of pregnancy, so much so that it was at the First International Labor Conference , in 1919, where the First Convention on the Protection of Maternity (Convention No. 03) was adopted, ratified by Colombia on June 20 of 1933, recognizing the need to protect working women before and after childbirth, the agreement included: a period of twelve weeks of leave, the payment of cash benefits, the prohibition of dismissal and interruptions for breastfeeding, maternity leave It should not have obstacles for women, but it is still rejected by health providers and even hampered by employers. As a result of all the above we can say that in Colombia and in the world there are still many cases in which women suffer from discrimination, and we understand by discrimination the suffering, suffering, pain or pain that a living being suffers and that still lives situations of Unequal work which lies in the fact that unstable jobs are occupied mostly by women and few in positions of hierarchy - administrative positions or decision making in companies in consequence the remuneration is low. In this order of ideas, we intend to carry out a comparative analysis of all those legal and factual situations that occur in the international sphere, of that right enjoyed by all working women because of being a woman, of ensuring their health and that of women. your child during pregnancy and after it, that is, during the first months of the child's life, we will analyze the main legal provisions and the factual situations that influence the social and economic development of the peoples when we start from a base of discrimination on the basis of gender in labor matters, which allows us to conclude with a description of the conditions in which a working woman in pregnancy must draw to enforce their rights and the guarantee that those states provide to that woman based on those international instruments ratified and of strict compliance in the international arena. Next, we will make a comparison of Colombia with other underdeveloped countries of Latin America and other developed countries of the EU, to analyze how it has evolved in favor of women and guarantees of protection in the international sphere, taking into account that some countries have established special systems of protection during motherhood to women who work; In this context of 3 female labor participation, the discussion of the sense in which states should be guarantors of women's rights at a global level, finds a varied reaction among the different political actors and it is always analyzed from a gender perspective, we firmly believe that all these provisions that protect motherhood established in the Colombian Political Constitution, in labor law and in multiple legal instruments, are public law norms, which means that they are inalienable rights , imprescriptible and inalienable, extensive to all those women who work, so all those differences for the gender roles imposed by the States, by the employers and by the Health Promoting Entities are clearly unfair.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Análisis, Licencia de maternidad, Garantías, Analysis, Maternity licence, Guarantee