Evaluación de la actividad antibacteriana de extractos etanólicos obtenidos de las flores de Crescentia cujete L. frente a patógenos de importancia clínica
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Fecha
2023
Autores
Díaz Theran, Milena Esther
Nieto Tomases, Ana María
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
Los antibióticos han salvado millones de vidas, contribuyendo considerablemente al avance en
distintos campos de la medicina y farmacología, sin embargo, el constante surgimiento de baterías
resistentes a antibióticos continua en auge, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública. Se conoce
según los datos de la OMS, 2023, que las enfermedades infecciosas en su gran parte son causadas por
bacterias patógenas, donde los focos infecciosos se pueden derivar de alimentos contaminados, agua
no potable, entidades de salud con gestión hospitalaria baja, entre otros. Asimismo, en los últimos
tiempos se han realizado múltiples investigaciones y hallazgos con respecto a nuevas opciones
terapéuticas antimicrobianas que puedan ser usadas como alternativas a las terapias convencionales
como una respuesta a la alta tasa de resistencia que presentan algunos patógenos. Las plantas se
presentan como posibles alternativas para la generación de nuevos tratamientos efectivos contra
microorganismos sensibles y resistentes. Por tal motivo, en nuestro estudio se planteó evaluar la
actividad antibacteriana de extractos etanólicos obtenidos de las flores de C. cujete L. frente a cuatro
patógenos de importancia clínica. El estudio presenta tipología experimental con diseño factorial,
donde la variable dependiente es el porcentaje de inhibición bacteriano y las variables independientes
serán las bacterias, tipo de extracto y la concentración del extracto. El material vegetal (flores de C.
cujete L) se recolectó en Puerto Colombia Atlántico y Villanueva Bolívar. El material vegetal se
trasladó al laboratorio de Nanotecnología y Química de la Universidad Simón Bolívar, seguidamente,
se lavó con una solución 0.5% de hipoclorito de sodio, secado en un horno con flujo de aire continuo
a 40°C y trituradas, para la obtención del extracto etanólico se usó el método Soxhlet y completado el
tiempo de extracción el producto fue filtrado y secado por rotoevaporación al vacío. Finalmente, se
hizo la caracterización fitoquímica preliminar siguiendo los lineamientos descritos por Bilbao 1997 y
se determinó la actividad antibacteriana por el método de dilución establecido por el CLSI 2022. Los
resultados son soportados por un análisis estadístico que buscó establecer similitudes o diferencias
entre cada tratamiento mediante ANOVA de dos vías y un análisis Post Hoc (Tukey) usando el
programa Graphpad Prism versión 8.0.1. Como hallazgo principal se obtuvo que el extracto obtenido
de las flores recolectadas en el Atlántico resulto tener promisoria actividad antibacteriana contra P.
aeruginosa y S. warneri con 95.2 ± 8.31 y 68.9 ± 4.96% de inhibición, respectivamente, y el extracto
obtenido de las flores recolectadas en Bolívar presentó actividad moderada contra estas mismas dos
bacterias con 53 ± 6.31 y 52 ± 2.51 % de inhibición. La variación que existe en las actividades
presentadas por las flores de Atlántico y Bolívar se asocia a las diferentes proporciones de metabolitos
secundarios tipo triterpenos, esteroles y taninos. Además, es relevante resaltar que ambos extractos
resultaron sin actividad contra S. aureus y E. coli.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives, contributing considerably to the progress in different fields of medicine and pharmacology, however, the constant emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria continues to grow, becoming a public health problem. According to WHO data, it is known that infectious diseases are mostly caused by pathogenic bacteria, where the infectious sources can be derived from contaminated food, unsafe water, health entities with poor hospital management, among others. Likewise, in recent times there have been multiple researches and findings regarding new antimicrobial therapeutic options that can be used as alternatives to conventional therapies as a response to the high rate of resistance presented by some pathogens. Plants are presented as possible alternatives for the generation of new effective treatments against sensitive and resistant microorganisms. Plants are presented as possible alternatives for the generation of new effective treatments against sensitive and resistant microorganisms. For this reason, our study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from C. cujete L. flowers against four pathogens of clinical. The study presents an experimental typology with a factorial design, where the dependent variable is the percentage of bacterial inhibition and the independent variables are the bacteria, type of extract and concentration of the extract. The plant material (flowers of C. cujete L) was collected in Puerto Colombia Atlántico and Villanueva Bolívar. The plant material was transferred to the laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemistry of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, then washed with a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite, dried in an oven with continuous air flow at 40°C and crushed to obtain the ethanolic extract using the Soxhlet method. Finally, preliminary phytochemical characterization was performed following the guidelines described by Bilbao 1997 and the antibacterial activity was determined by the dilution method established by CLSI 2022. The results are supported by a statistical analysis that sought to establish similarities or differences between each treatment by means of two-way ANOVA and a Post Hoc analysis (Tukey) using Graphpad Prism version 8.0.1. The main finding was that the extract obtained from the flowers collected in Atlántico showed promising antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. warneri with 95.2 ± 8.31 and 68.9 ± 4.96% of inhibition, respectively, and the extract obtained from the flowers collected in Bolívar showed moderate activity against these same two bacteria with 53 ± 6.31 and 52 ± 2.51 % of inhibition. The variation in the activities presented by the flowers from Atlántico and Bolívar is associated with the different proportions of secondary metabolites such as triterpenes, sterols and tannins. In addition, it is important to note that both extracts showed no activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives, contributing considerably to the progress in different fields of medicine and pharmacology, however, the constant emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria continues to grow, becoming a public health problem. According to WHO data, it is known that infectious diseases are mostly caused by pathogenic bacteria, where the infectious sources can be derived from contaminated food, unsafe water, health entities with poor hospital management, among others. Likewise, in recent times there have been multiple researches and findings regarding new antimicrobial therapeutic options that can be used as alternatives to conventional therapies as a response to the high rate of resistance presented by some pathogens. Plants are presented as possible alternatives for the generation of new effective treatments against sensitive and resistant microorganisms. Plants are presented as possible alternatives for the generation of new effective treatments against sensitive and resistant microorganisms. For this reason, our study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts obtained from C. cujete L. flowers against four pathogens of clinical. The study presents an experimental typology with a factorial design, where the dependent variable is the percentage of bacterial inhibition and the independent variables are the bacteria, type of extract and concentration of the extract. The plant material (flowers of C. cujete L) was collected in Puerto Colombia Atlántico and Villanueva Bolívar. The plant material was transferred to the laboratory of Nanotechnology and Chemistry of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, then washed with a 0.5% solution of sodium hypochlorite, dried in an oven with continuous air flow at 40°C and crushed to obtain the ethanolic extract using the Soxhlet method. Finally, preliminary phytochemical characterization was performed following the guidelines described by Bilbao 1997 and the antibacterial activity was determined by the dilution method established by CLSI 2022. The results are supported by a statistical analysis that sought to establish similarities or differences between each treatment by means of two-way ANOVA and a Post Hoc analysis (Tukey) using Graphpad Prism version 8.0.1. The main finding was that the extract obtained from the flowers collected in Atlántico showed promising antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and S. warneri with 95.2 ± 8.31 and 68.9 ± 4.96% of inhibition, respectively, and the extract obtained from the flowers collected in Bolívar showed moderate activity against these same two bacteria with 53 ± 6.31 and 52 ± 2.51 % of inhibition. The variation in the activities presented by the flowers from Atlántico and Bolívar is associated with the different proportions of secondary metabolites such as triterpenes, sterols and tannins. In addition, it is important to note that both extracts showed no activity against S. aureus and E. coli.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Actividad antibacteriana, Crescentia cujete, Metabolitos secundarios, Flores, Extracto etanólicos, Resistencia de antibióticos, Antibacterial activity, Crescentia cujete, Secondary metabolites, Flowers, Ethanolic extract, Antibiotic resistance