Aroca-Martinez, GustavoVillavicencio, ElbaVital, SocorroRizo, LiliaRodríguez, CarolinaMolina, DanielRico, JorgeDina-Batlle, ElianaBermudez, ValmoreDepine, SantosCadena, AndresPérez-Jiménez, ValentinaAroca, María-PaulaKanery-Camargo, Nicoll-FontalvoLodi, Rubens2026-03-272026-03-27202624680249 (electrónico)https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/17484Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health concern, affecting an estimated 13.4% of the world’s population (Lv & Zhang, 2019). Among afro-descendant, indigenous, and agricultural communities in Latin America, studies have identified a high prevalence of CKD, frequently undiagnosed and untreated (Correa-Rotter et al., 2014; Garza & Abascal Miguel, 2025; Ulasi et al., 2025). To effectively reduce the burden of CKD in these populations, it is essential to assess how the social determinants of health (SDOH) influence kidney health (Burgos-Calderón et al., 2021). The FRENEL study is an ongoing multicenter initiative, which to date has screened 4,876 participants from vulnerable agricultural, indigenous, and afrodescendant communities in Latin AmericapdfengAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2026.104872https://www.kireports.org/article/S2468-0249(26)01103-4/fulltext