Resistencia de Escherichia coli a β-lactámicos en efluentes hospitalarios: revisión bibliográfica
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Fecha
2026
Autores
Cortez Ramírez, Yulissa Paola
Gutiérrez Menco, Luisa Fernanda
Molina Gutiérrez, Isabella Sarays
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM) constituye una de las principales amenazas para la salud pública mundial debido al incremento progresivo de microorganismos capaces de sobrevivir a tratamientos convencionales. Entre los microorganismos con mayor relevancia clínica y ambiental se encuentra Escherichia coli, bacteria gramnegativa ampliamente utilizada como indicador microbiológico de contaminación fecal y asociada frecuentemente a procesos de resistencia antimicrobiana. Dentro de los antibióticos más utilizados en ambientes hospitalarios destacan los B-lactámicos, especialmente la ampicilina, cuyo uso intensivo e inadecuado en la terapéutica clínica ejerce una fuerte presión selectiva que favorece la aparición de mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana, principalmente mediante la producción de B-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE o ESBL). La presente investigación corresponde a una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva con enfoque cualitativo y comparativo, orientada al análisis de la relación entre la presencia de antibióticos B-lactámicos, particularmente ampicilina y sus metabolitos, en efluentes hospitalarios y el desarrollo de resistencia bacteriana en Escherichia coli. La búsqueda sistemática de información se realizó en bases de datos científicas indexadas como PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO y Google Scholar, considerando publicaciones de alto impacto entre los años 2020 y 2025. Tras la aplicación de rigurosos criterios de inclusión y exclusión orientados a metodologías comparables, se seleccionaron estudios globales para el análisis comparativo final.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the major global public health threats due to the increasing emergence of microorganisms capable of surviving conventional treatments. Among the microorganisms with the greatest clinical and environmental relevance is Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly used as an indicator of fecal contamination and frequently associated with antimicrobial resistance processes. Among the antibiotics most widely used in hospital settings are B-lactams, particularly ampicillin, whose intensive use promotes the emergence of bacterial resistance mechanisms, mainly through the production of extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBL). This study corresponds to a descriptive bibliographic review focused on analysing the relationship between the presence of B-lactam antibiotics, especially ampicillin and its metabolites, in hospital effluents and the development of bacterial resistance in Escherichia coli. The literature search was conducted in indexed scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar, considering publications between 2020 and 2025. After applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria based on comparable methodologies, global studies were selected for final comparative analysis.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the major global public health threats due to the increasing emergence of microorganisms capable of surviving conventional treatments. Among the microorganisms with the greatest clinical and environmental relevance is Escherichia coli, a Gram-negative bacterium commonly used as an indicator of fecal contamination and frequently associated with antimicrobial resistance processes. Among the antibiotics most widely used in hospital settings are B-lactams, particularly ampicillin, whose intensive use promotes the emergence of bacterial resistance mechanisms, mainly through the production of extended-spectrum B-lactamases (ESBL). This study corresponds to a descriptive bibliographic review focused on analysing the relationship between the presence of B-lactam antibiotics, especially ampicillin and its metabolites, in hospital effluents and the development of bacterial resistance in Escherichia coli. The literature search was conducted in indexed scientific databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciELO, and Google Scholar, considering publications between 2020 and 2025. After applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria based on comparable methodologies, global studies were selected for final comparative analysis.
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Palabras clave
Betalactámicos, ampicilina, Escherichia coli, resistencia antimicrobiana, efluentes hospitalarios, ESBL
