Experiencias adversas tempranas, trastorno de estrés postraumático y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas: una revisión de la literatura
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Fecha
2026
Autores
Roa Ospina, Camila Andrea
Orozco Garcia, Michelle Andrea
Forero Guzman, Laura Tatiana
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
La presente monografía tuvo como propósito analizar la relación entre las experiencias adversas tempranas, el trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, a partir de la revisión de literatura científica publicada entre 2021 y 2025. La investigación se desarrolló bajo un enfoque documental en el que inicialmente se identificaron 122 artículos en la base de datos Web of Science, de los cuales, tras la aplicación de criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 24 investigaciones empíricas para su análisis. Los hallazgos evidencian que la exposición a experiencias adversas en la infancia como abuso, negligencia y disfunción familiar se asocian de manera consistente con mayor vulnerabilidad al desarrollo de sintomatología postraumática y trastornos por consumo de sustancias. En múltiples estudios se identificó que el TEPT actúa como una posible variable mediadora entre el trauma temprano y el consumo, especialmente cuando el uso de sustancias funciona como estrategia de afrontamiento frente al malestar emocional. Asimismo, factores como la impulsividad, la disociación, los rasgos de personalidad límite y la presencia de sintomatología depresiva incrementa la complejidad clínica y el riesgo de recaídas. En conjunto, la evidencia revisada permite concluir que la acumulación de adversidades infantiles se relaciona con mayor severidad sintomática, comorbilidad psiquiátrica y peor pronóstico terapéutico. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de implementar enfoques de atención informados en el trauma, así como de integrar intervenciones específicas para el TEPT dentro de los programas de tratamiento para el consumo de sustancias. Finalmente, esta monografía evidencia la importancia de continuar investigando la relación entre experiencias adversas tempranas, TEPT y consumo de sustancias en contextos colombianos, donde aún existe limitada producción científica. Profundizar en esta línea permitirá diseñar intervenciones culturalmente pertinentes, fortalecer las políticas de salud mental y promover modelos de atención más integrales y humanizados.
The purpose of this monograph was to analyze the relationship between early adverse experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the use of psychoactive substances, based on a review of scientific literature published between 2021 and 2025. The research was conducted using a documentary approach, in which 122 articles were initially identified in the Web of Science database; of these, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 empirical studies were selected for analysis. The findings show that exposure to adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction is consistently associated with increased vulnerability to the development of post-traumatic symptoms and substance use disorders. Multiple reviewed studies identified PTSD as a potential mediating variable between early trauma and substance use, particularly when substance use serves as a coping strategy for emotional distress. Furthermore, factors such as impulsivity, dissociation, borderline personality traits, and the presence of depressive symptoms increase clinical complexity and the risk of relapse. Overall, the reviewed evidence suggests that the accumulation of childhood adversities is associated with greater symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, and poorer treatment outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of implementing trauma-informed care approaches, as well as integrating specific PTSD interventions into substance use treatment programs. Finally, this monograph highlights the importance of continuing to investigate the relationship between early adverse experiences, PTSD, and substance use in Colombian contexts, where scientific research remains limited. Further exploration in this area will enable the development of culturally appropriate interventions, strengthen mental health policies, and promote more comprehensive and patient-centered care models.
The purpose of this monograph was to analyze the relationship between early adverse experiences, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the use of psychoactive substances, based on a review of scientific literature published between 2021 and 2025. The research was conducted using a documentary approach, in which 122 articles were initially identified in the Web of Science database; of these, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 24 empirical studies were selected for analysis. The findings show that exposure to adverse childhood experiences such as abuse, neglect, and family dysfunction is consistently associated with increased vulnerability to the development of post-traumatic symptoms and substance use disorders. Multiple reviewed studies identified PTSD as a potential mediating variable between early trauma and substance use, particularly when substance use serves as a coping strategy for emotional distress. Furthermore, factors such as impulsivity, dissociation, borderline personality traits, and the presence of depressive symptoms increase clinical complexity and the risk of relapse. Overall, the reviewed evidence suggests that the accumulation of childhood adversities is associated with greater symptom severity, psychiatric comorbidity, and poorer treatment outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of implementing trauma-informed care approaches, as well as integrating specific PTSD interventions into substance use treatment programs. Finally, this monograph highlights the importance of continuing to investigate the relationship between early adverse experiences, PTSD, and substance use in Colombian contexts, where scientific research remains limited. Further exploration in this area will enable the development of culturally appropriate interventions, strengthen mental health policies, and promote more comprehensive and patient-centered care models.
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Experiencias adversas tempranas, Trastorno de estrés postraumático, Consumo de sustancias, Trauma infantil, Regulación emocional
