Diseño ergonómico de un drill eléctrico para la prevención de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en manicuristas
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Fecha
2026
Autores
Ruiz Torres, Joyce Katherine
Rodríguez Bettín, Sandra Milena
Gallardo Rojas, Tainirys Telmira
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Introducción: Los trastornos musculoesqueléticos (TME) constituyen una de las principales causas de morbilidad laboral a nivel mundial, especialmente en actividades que exigen movimientos repetitivos, posturas forzadas y el uso prolongado de herramientas manuales. El sector de la estética es uno de los más afectados; las manicuristas, en particular, desarrollan su labor bajo condiciones de elevada demanda física, empleando herramientas como el drill o torno eléctrico, cuyo diseño convencional no siempre responde a criterios ergonómicos. El uso de herramientas mal diseñadas incrementa la carga biomecánica sobre muñecas, manos, hombros y cuello, favoreciendo la aparición de patologías como la tendinitis de De Quervain, el síndrome del túnel carpiano y las epicondilalgias.
Objetivo general: Diseñar ergonómicamente un drill eléctrico de uñas con el propósito de prevenir la aparición de trastornos musculoesqueléticos en miembros superiores y optimizar el desempeño laboral de la manicurista del salón Koquetas, ubicado en la ciudad de Barranquilla.
Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, aplicado y de caso único, con enfoque sistémico y participativo. La recolección de información incluyó observación directa del puesto de trabajo, entrevistas semiestructuradas y toma de medidas antropométricas de la trabajadora, comparadas con las tablas de referencia ACOPLA 95. Se evaluaron índices ergonómicos (morfológico, antropométrico, biomecánico, sensorial y cognitivo) y factores de adecuación ergonómica (usabilidad, mantenimiento, aprehensión y bienestar), mediante matrices de calificación con escala de 1 a 5. El análisis sistémico del puesto se realizó considerando los elementos humano, objeto/máquina y espacio físico, así como sus interacciones. Para la selección de materiales del prototipo se empleó una matriz multicriterio que valoró densidad, aislamiento eléctrico y térmico, ductilidad, durabilidad, sostenibilidad ambiental, resistencia al impacto y costo.
Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the leading causes of occupational morbidity worldwide, particularly in activities requiring repetitive movements, awkward postures, and prolonged use of hand tools. The beauty sector is among the most affected industries; nail technicians, in particular, work under high physical demands using tools such as the electric nail drill, whose conventional design does not always meet ergonomic criteria. The use of poorly designed tools increases biomechanical loading on the wrists, hands, shoulders, and neck, promoting the development of conditions such as De Quervain's tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and epicondylalgia. Objective: To ergonomically design an electric nail drill to prevent the onset of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and optimize the occupational performance of the nail technician at the Koquetas salon in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive, applied, single-case study was conducted using a systemic and participatory approach. Data collection included direct workstation observation, semi-structured interviews, and anthropometric measurements of the worker, compared against ACOPLA 95 reference tables. Ergonomic indices (morphological, anthropometric, biomechanical, sensory, and cognitive) and ergonomic adequacy factors (usability, maintenance, prehension, and well-being) were assessed using rating matrices on a 1–5 scale. A systemic analysis of the workstation was performed considering human, object/machine, and physical space elements and their interactions. A multi-criteria material selection matrix evaluating density, electrical and thermal insulation, ductility, durability, environmental sustainability, impact resistance, and cost was employed for prototype material selection.
Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the leading causes of occupational morbidity worldwide, particularly in activities requiring repetitive movements, awkward postures, and prolonged use of hand tools. The beauty sector is among the most affected industries; nail technicians, in particular, work under high physical demands using tools such as the electric nail drill, whose conventional design does not always meet ergonomic criteria. The use of poorly designed tools increases biomechanical loading on the wrists, hands, shoulders, and neck, promoting the development of conditions such as De Quervain's tenosynovitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and epicondylalgia. Objective: To ergonomically design an electric nail drill to prevent the onset of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and optimize the occupational performance of the nail technician at the Koquetas salon in Barranquilla, Colombia. Materials and methods: A descriptive, applied, single-case study was conducted using a systemic and participatory approach. Data collection included direct workstation observation, semi-structured interviews, and anthropometric measurements of the worker, compared against ACOPLA 95 reference tables. Ergonomic indices (morphological, anthropometric, biomechanical, sensory, and cognitive) and ergonomic adequacy factors (usability, maintenance, prehension, and well-being) were assessed using rating matrices on a 1–5 scale. A systemic analysis of the workstation was performed considering human, object/machine, and physical space elements and their interactions. A multi-criteria material selection matrix evaluating density, electrical and thermal insulation, ductility, durability, environmental sustainability, impact resistance, and cost was employed for prototype material selection.
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Trastornos musculoesqueléticos, Ergonomía, Manicuristas, Drill eléctrico, Diseño ergonómico, Herramientas manuales, Salud ocupacional, Biomecánica
