Análisis fáctico, jurídico y probatorio de la culpa patronal en Colombia en el marco del sistema de gestión de seguridad y salud en el trabajo
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Fecha
2026
Autores
López Vargas, Samuel Leonardo
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
En el marco de las relaciones laborales reguladas por la legislación colombiana, el empleador por su responsabilidad es obligado a garantizar condiciones adecuadas de protección y seguridad para sus trabajadores. Esta responsabilidad se materializa a través de la adopción, ejecución y seguimiento de un Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SGSST), el cual busca minimizar riesgos laborales y preservar la salud física y mental de todos sus trabajadores en las actividades productivas. La presente investigación se enfoca en determinar si esta obligación representa un deber de medio, cumplir con los procedimientos necesarios, o de resultado, garantizar la prevención efectiva de accidentes y enfermedades laborales. Para ello, se examinan las disposiciones legales vigentes, así como la interpretación realizada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Colombia, especialmente en procesos laborales derivados de incidentes o enfermedades laborales. Los hallazgos evidencian que las obligaciones del empleador son de carácter mixto, comprendiendo tanto deberes de medio como de resultado, por lo cual el cumplimiento del Sistema de Gestión de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SG-SST) exige la ejecución oportuna y documentada de todas las medidas previstas en el, así como su adecuada socialización con trabajadores, contratistas y demás personas vinculadas al entorno laboral. La omisión de estas acciones genera sanciones administrativas y puede configurar una presunción de culpa frente al empleador, especialmente cuando se constate la relación directa entre el incumplimiento y el daño sufrido por el trabajador.
Within the framework of labor relations regulated by Colombian law, employers are responsible for ensuring adequate protection and safety conditions for their workers. This responsibility is fulfilled through the adoption, implementation, and monitoring of an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST), which seeks to minimize occupational risks and preserve the physical and mental health of all workers in productive activities. This research focuses on determining whether this obligation represents a duty of means, to comply with the necessary procedures, or a duty of result, to ensure the effective prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. To this end, the current legal provisions are examined, as well as the interpretation made by the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia, especially in labor proceedings arising from occupational incidents or diseases. The findings show that the employer's obligations are of a mixed nature, comprising both duties of means and results, which is why compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST) requires the timely and documented implementation of all the measures provided for therein, as well as their adequate dissemination to workers, contractors, and other persons linked to the work environment. Failure to take these actions results in administrative penalties and may give rise to a presumption of fault on the part of the employer, especially when a direct link between the breach and the harm suffered by the worker is established.
Within the framework of labor relations regulated by Colombian law, employers are responsible for ensuring adequate protection and safety conditions for their workers. This responsibility is fulfilled through the adoption, implementation, and monitoring of an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST), which seeks to minimize occupational risks and preserve the physical and mental health of all workers in productive activities. This research focuses on determining whether this obligation represents a duty of means, to comply with the necessary procedures, or a duty of result, to ensure the effective prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. To this end, the current legal provisions are examined, as well as the interpretation made by the Supreme Court of Justice of Colombia, especially in labor proceedings arising from occupational incidents or diseases. The findings show that the employer's obligations are of a mixed nature, comprising both duties of means and results, which is why compliance with the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (SG-SST) requires the timely and documented implementation of all the measures provided for therein, as well as their adequate dissemination to workers, contractors, and other persons linked to the work environment. Failure to take these actions results in administrative penalties and may give rise to a presumption of fault on the part of the employer, especially when a direct link between the breach and the harm suffered by the worker is established.
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Palabras clave
Culpa patronal, SG-SST, Responsabilidad subjetiva, Prueba, Interpretación Jurisprudencial
