Vulneración del derecho fundamental a la libertad por la aplicación del delito de deserción en el servicio militar obligatorio en Colombia
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Fecha
2026
Autores
Cáceres Hernández, Jefferson
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Resumen
El presente ensayo tiene como propósito analizar si la aplicación del delito de deserción en el marco del servicio militar obligatorio en Colombia vulnera el derecho fundamental a la libertad, particularmente desde la perspectiva de la libertad de conciencia y el libre desarrollo de la personalidad de los jóvenes incorporados a las filas militares. Para ello, se parte del estudio de las consecuencias penales que enfrentan quienes, una vez vinculados legalmente, deciden abandonar el servicio sin autorización, conducta que actualmente se encuentra tipificada como delito y es conocida por la Jurisdicción Penal Militar y Policial.
En desarrollo del análisis, se examina el marco jurídico colombiano que regula el servicio militar obligatorio y el delito de deserción, así como su relación con derechos fundamentales como la libertad de conciencia y la autonomía personal.
De igual manera, se evalúa la posición de la jurisprudencia constitucional y los mecanismos normativos existentes en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano en torno a la objeción de conciencia frente al servicio militar, con el fin de establecer los alcances y límites de su reconocimiento y protección.
Finalmente, el ensayo busca determinar si la imposición de sanciones penales, especialmente la pena privativa de la libertad, constituye una restricción desproporcionada a los derechos fundamentales de los jóvenes que optan por no continuar con el servicio militar obligatorio, teniendo en cuenta las implicaciones personales, familiares y sociales que se derivan de la criminalización de la deserción, así como los estándares constitucionales y comparados aplicables a esta materia.
This essay aims to analyze whether the application of the crime of desertion within the framework of mandatory military service in Colombia violates the fundamental right to liberty, particularly from the perspective of freedom of conscience and the free development of the personality of young people enlisted in the military. To this end, it begins by studying the criminal consequences faced by those who, once legally enlisted, decide to abandon their service without authorization, conduct that is currently classified as a crime and is prosecuted by the Military and Police Criminal Jurisdiction. In developing the analysis, the Colombian legal framework that regulates mandatory military service and the crime of desertion is examined, as well as its relationship with fundamental rights such as freedom of conscience and personal autonomy. Likewise, the position of constitutional jurisprudence and the existing normative mechanisms in the Colombian legal system regarding conscientious objection to military service are evaluated in order to establish the scope and limits of its recognition and protection. Finally, this essay seeks to determine whether the imposition of criminal sanctions, especially imprisonment, constitutes a disproportionate restriction on the fundamental rights of young people who choose not to continue with mandatory military service, taking into account the personal, familial, and social implications of criminalizing desertion, as well as the applicable constitutional and comparative standards.
This essay aims to analyze whether the application of the crime of desertion within the framework of mandatory military service in Colombia violates the fundamental right to liberty, particularly from the perspective of freedom of conscience and the free development of the personality of young people enlisted in the military. To this end, it begins by studying the criminal consequences faced by those who, once legally enlisted, decide to abandon their service without authorization, conduct that is currently classified as a crime and is prosecuted by the Military and Police Criminal Jurisdiction. In developing the analysis, the Colombian legal framework that regulates mandatory military service and the crime of desertion is examined, as well as its relationship with fundamental rights such as freedom of conscience and personal autonomy. Likewise, the position of constitutional jurisprudence and the existing normative mechanisms in the Colombian legal system regarding conscientious objection to military service are evaluated in order to establish the scope and limits of its recognition and protection. Finally, this essay seeks to determine whether the imposition of criminal sanctions, especially imprisonment, constitutes a disproportionate restriction on the fundamental rights of young people who choose not to continue with mandatory military service, taking into account the personal, familial, and social implications of criminalizing desertion, as well as the applicable constitutional and comparative standards.
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Palabras clave
Deserción militar, Libertad personal, Derechos fundamentales, Objeción de conciencia, Proporcionalidad penal
