Evaluación del efecto genotóxico por exposición ambiental a mercurio y cadmio en poblaciones insulares del Distrito de Cartagena, Bolívar
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Fecha
2021
Autores
Cano Pérez, Eder Jair
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Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas
Resumen
Los metales pesados son un grupo de elementos que se
encuentran naturalmente en la corteza terrestre, sin embargo, las actividades
derivadas de la industria y la investigación han provocado un aumento en la
concentración de una variedad de estos metales en los diferentes ambientes
acuáticos y terrestres (1, 2). Algunos metales pesados como el mercurio (Hg) y el
cadmio (Cd) no se les conoce función alguna en el metabolismo humano, de
hecho, su acumulación en el cuerpo resulta ser perjudicial para la salud (3). Por
tanto, se encuentran entre los metales pesados de más interés en investigación,
siendo el efecto genotóxico (daño en el ADN) uno de los principales focos de
estudio. Se han utilizado biomarcadores de efectos citogeneticos para evaluar la
exposición humana a sustancias genotoxicas, el ensayo de citoma micronúcleo
bucal (BMCyt) proporciona un método adecuado y no invasivo para medir el daño
del ADN, la inestabilidad cromosómica y la muerte celular en tejido de la mucosa
oral, considerándose como uno de los ensayos más utilizado en el biomonitoreo
humano (4). La contaminación de la Bahía de Cartagena por metales pesados
como Hg y Cd constituye un problema ambiental y de salud pública (5),
principalmente en las poblaciones insulares y costeras aledañas al cuerpo de
agua, ya que debido a sus actividades pesqueras tradicionales y su permanente
interacción con las zonas marinas impactadas, aumentan los riesgos de
exposición a estos agentes.
El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos genotóxicos causado
por exposición ambiental a mercurio y cadmio en poblaciones de la zona insular
del distrito de Cartagena, Bolívar.
Heavy metals are a group of elements that are found naturally in the earth's crust, however, activities derived from industry and research have caused an increase in the concentration of a variety of these metals in different aquatic environments and terrestrial (1, 2). Some heavy metals such as mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) have no known function in human metabolism, in fact, their accumulation in the body turns out to be harmful to health (3). Therefore, they are among the heavy metals of most research interest, being the genotoxic effect (DNA damage) one of the main focuses of study. Biomarkers of cytogenetic effects have been used to assess human exposure to genotoxic substances, the buccal micronucleus cytoma assay (BMCyt) provides a suitable and non-invasive method to measure DNA damage, chromosomal instability, and cell death in the tissue of the oral mucosa, being one of the most widely used tests in human biomonitoring (4). The contamination of the Bay of Cartagena by heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium constitutes an environmental and public health problem, mainly in the island and coastal populations bordering the body of water due to their traditional fishing activities and their permanent interaction with the impacted marine areas increase the risks of exposure to these agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects caused by environmental exposure to mercury and cadmium in populations of the insular zone of the Cartagena, Bolívar.
Heavy metals are a group of elements that are found naturally in the earth's crust, however, activities derived from industry and research have caused an increase in the concentration of a variety of these metals in different aquatic environments and terrestrial (1, 2). Some heavy metals such as mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd) have no known function in human metabolism, in fact, their accumulation in the body turns out to be harmful to health (3). Therefore, they are among the heavy metals of most research interest, being the genotoxic effect (DNA damage) one of the main focuses of study. Biomarkers of cytogenetic effects have been used to assess human exposure to genotoxic substances, the buccal micronucleus cytoma assay (BMCyt) provides a suitable and non-invasive method to measure DNA damage, chromosomal instability, and cell death in the tissue of the oral mucosa, being one of the most widely used tests in human biomonitoring (4). The contamination of the Bay of Cartagena by heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium constitutes an environmental and public health problem, mainly in the island and coastal populations bordering the body of water due to their traditional fishing activities and their permanent interaction with the impacted marine areas increase the risks of exposure to these agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects caused by environmental exposure to mercury and cadmium in populations of the insular zone of the Cartagena, Bolívar.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Cadmio, Citotoxicidad, Genotoxicidad, Mercurio, Metales pesados, Micronúcleos, Mucosa bucal, Cadmium, Cytotoxicity, Mercury genotoxicity, Heavy metals, Micronucleus, Buccal mucosa