Comportamiento epidemiológico de la hepatitis A en Barranquilla-Colombia, durante los años 2013 a 2017
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Fecha
2017
Autores
Muñoz-Garzón, Andrés
Parra-Pérez, Marco
Rodríguez-Villa, Nefer
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Editor
Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
Resumen
Antecedentes: La hepatitis A es una enfermedad hepática causada por el virus de
la hepatitis A, que pertenece a la familia Picornaviridae, género Hepatovirus, del
cual se ha descrito un serotipo y seis genotipos; los genotipos I-III se han
identificados en humanos, mientras que los genotipos IV al VI en simios (1). Este
virus se transmite principalmente vía fecal-oral, cuando una persona no infectada y
no vacunada, ingiere alimentos o bebidas contaminadas por heces de una persona
infectada por el virus. Sin embargo, también se ha documentado su transmisión de
persona a persona a través de relaciones sexuales anal/ oral (2-4) o a través de
transfusiones sanguíneas (5).
La infección por hepatitis A está asociada a regiones con bajos niveles de
saneamiento, poca efectividad en manejo de residuos y suministro de agua potable
inadecuado; y por tanto la efectividad de los programas de vigilancia y control en
esta patología se ha convertido en un indicador sociodemográfico esencial para
cuantificar la calidad de vida de los habitantes de un país.
Objetivos: Analizar el comportamiento epidemiológico de la hepatitis A en el Distrito
de Barranquilla (Colombia), durante los años 2013 a 2017.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, en el que se revisó de forma
retrospectiva la base de datos de todos los casos de hepatitis A notificados en el
Distrito de Barranquilla durante el periodo de observación.
Resultados: Se notificaron 293 casos nuevos de hepatitis A en el Distrito de
Barranquilla, de los cuales el 62,4% eran hombres y el 37,6% restantes mujeres.
Los grupos etarios más afectados fueron los adultos con el 39,6% de los casos,
seguido de jóvenes y niños en etapa escolar con el 15% respectivamente. En cuanto
a la incidencia de hepatitis A en el Distrito de Barranquilla se observó un descenso
entre los años 2013 a 2016 al pasar de 10,9 a 1,5 casos por 100 000 habitantes; sin
embargo, en el 2017 se observó un leve aumento en la incidencia a 2,5 por 100 000
habitantes.
Conclusiones: La Hepatitis A es un evento de interés en salud pública para el
Distrito de Barranquilla, que ha mantenido un comportamiento a la baja de su
incidencia en los últimos años
Background: Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus, which belongs to the Picornaviridae family, genus Hepatovirus, of which one serotype and six genotypes have been described; genotypes I-III have been identified in humans, while genotypes IV to VI in apes (1). This virus is transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route, when an uninfected and unvaccinated person ingests food or drinks contaminated by the feces of a person infected with the virus. However, its transmission from person to person through anal / oral sex (2-4) or through blood transfusions has also been documented (5). Hepatitis A infection is associated with regions with low levels of sanitation, little effectiveness in waste management, and inadequate supply of drinking water; and therefore the effectiveness of surveillance programs and control in this pathology has become an essential sociodemographic indicator to quantify the quality of life of the inhabitants of a country. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological behavior of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla (Colombia), in the period 2013-2017. Materials and Methods: Descriptive study, in which the database of all hepatitis A cases reported in the district of Barranquilla during the observation period were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There were 293 new cases of hepatitis A reported in the district of Barranquilla, of which 62.4% occurred in men and 37.6% in women. The age groups most affected by the disease were adults (39.6%), followed by young people and schoolchildren (15%, respectively). The incidence of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla decreased between 2013 and 2016 from 10.9 to 1.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants; however, in 2017 there was a slight increase to 2.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Hepatitis A is an event of interest for public health in the district of Barranquilla, and the behavior of its incidence has had a downward trend in recent years
Background: Hepatitis A is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis A virus, which belongs to the Picornaviridae family, genus Hepatovirus, of which one serotype and six genotypes have been described; genotypes I-III have been identified in humans, while genotypes IV to VI in apes (1). This virus is transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route, when an uninfected and unvaccinated person ingests food or drinks contaminated by the feces of a person infected with the virus. However, its transmission from person to person through anal / oral sex (2-4) or through blood transfusions has also been documented (5). Hepatitis A infection is associated with regions with low levels of sanitation, little effectiveness in waste management, and inadequate supply of drinking water; and therefore the effectiveness of surveillance programs and control in this pathology has become an essential sociodemographic indicator to quantify the quality of life of the inhabitants of a country. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological behavior of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla (Colombia), in the period 2013-2017. Materials and Methods: Descriptive study, in which the database of all hepatitis A cases reported in the district of Barranquilla during the observation period were retrospectively reviewed. Results: There were 293 new cases of hepatitis A reported in the district of Barranquilla, of which 62.4% occurred in men and 37.6% in women. The age groups most affected by the disease were adults (39.6%), followed by young people and schoolchildren (15%, respectively). The incidence of hepatitis A in the district of Barranquilla decreased between 2013 and 2016 from 10.9 to 1.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants; however, in 2017 there was a slight increase to 2.5 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. Conclusions: Hepatitis A is an event of interest for public health in the district of Barranquilla, and the behavior of its incidence has had a downward trend in recent years
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Palabras clave
Hepatitis A, Epidemiología, Colombia, Epidemiology