Revistas Académicashttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/62452024-03-28T17:51:24Z2024-03-28T17:51:24ZDialysis prescription in acute kidney injury: when and how much?Badel, Juan C.Garcia, Lautaro A.Soto‑Doria, Manuel J.Musso, Carlos G.https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/63032020-08-19T23:52:09Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZDialysis prescription in acute kidney injury: when and how much?
Badel, Juan C.; Garcia, Lautaro A.; Soto‑Doria, Manuel J.; Musso, Carlos G.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) constitutes a serious public health problem because of its very high cost and mortality rate, with an increasing incidence, phenomenon which is explained by the increasingly number of older patients suffering from several comorbidities admitted in the intensive care units. Despite the new AKI definition and classification, the use of novel AKI biomarkers and modern technologies, as an attempt to achieve an early AKI detection and treatment, and consequently to
better clinical outcomes, AKI mortality particularly in ICU patients remains persistently high. In the present article, the currently accepted concepts regarding dose and time of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis prescription in AKI patients have been reviewed.
2020-01-01T00:00:00ZNucleocapsid protein precursors NCp9 and NCp15 suppress ATP-mediated rescue of AZT-terminated primers by HIV-1 reverse transcriptaseÁrquez, Moisés A.Martín-Alonso, SamaraGorelick, Robert J.Scott, Walter A.Acosta-Hoyos, Antonio J.Menéndez-Arias, Luishttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/63022020-08-19T23:44:44Z2020-01-01T00:00:00ZNucleocapsid protein precursors NCp9 and NCp15 suppress ATP-mediated rescue of AZT-terminated primers by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
Árquez, Moisés A.; Martín-Alonso, Samara; Gorelick, Robert J.; Scott, Walter A.; Acosta-Hoyos, Antonio J.; Menéndez-Arias, Luis
In HIV-1, development of resistance to AZT (3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine) is mediated by the acquisition of thymidine analogue resistance mutations (TAMs) (i.e. M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215F/Y and K219E/Q) in the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). Clinically relevant combinations of TAMs such as M41L/T215Y or D67N/K70R/T215F/K219Q enhance the ATP-mediated excision of AZT monophosphate (AZTMP) from the 3′ end of the primer, allowing DNA synthesis to continue. Additionally, during HIV-1 maturation, the Gag polyprotein is cleaved to release a mature nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) and two intermediate precursors (NCp9 and NCp15). NC proteins interact with the viral genome and facilitate the reverse transcription process. Using wild-type and TAM-containing RTs, we show that both NCp9 and NCp15 inhibited ATP-mediated rescue of AZTMP-terminated primers annealed to RNA templates but not DNA templates, while NCp7 had no effect on rescue activity. RNase H inactivation by introducing the active site mutation E478Q led to the loss of the inhibitory effect shown by NCp9. NCp15 had a stimulatory effect on the RT's RNase H activity not observed with NCp7 and NCp9. However, analysis of RNase H cleavage patterns revealed that in the presence of NCp9, RNA/DNA complexes containing duplexes of 12 base pairs had reduced stability in comparison with those obtained in the absence of NC, or with NCp7 or NCp15. These effects are expected to have a strong influence on the inhibitory action of NCp9 and NCp15, by affecting the efficiency of RNA-dependent DNA polymerization after unblocking DNA primers terminated with AZTMP and other nucleotide analogues.
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